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On May 9, 2025 local time, Russia held grand celebrations to mark the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. President Xi Jinping and leaders from over 20 countries and international organizations around the world, upon invitation,?attended?the?events.Moscow in May is lush with greenery and flowers in full bloom, with Victory Day flags fluttering in the breeze. The magnificent Red Square is filled with a solemn and majestic atmosphere of the celebrations.Xi Jinping arrived at the Kremlin, where he was warmly greeted with a friendly handshake by Russian President Vladimir Putin. President Xi Jinping and President Vladimir Putin then walked together to the Red Square?and?took their seats at the main reviewing stand.At 10:00 a.m., as the chimes of the Kremlin clock rang, the celebrations began. As the military band played "The Sacred War", the honor guards marched in, escorting the national flag of Russia and the Victory Banner of?the Great Patriotic War.President Vladimir Putin delivered a speech, stating that the Soviet Union defended peace and freedom for all humanity at the cost of tens of millions of lives. He said, "We will forever remember the moment of victory?and?carry forward the legacy of our forefathers. We will?stand united and always uphold the sacred glory". Vladimir Putin?said the Chinese people fought bravely, and he highly commended their contributions?to forging a shared future for mankind.?He said, "We will remember?the history of World War II and draw lessons from?it.?Victory is sacred, history must not be distorted, and the dignity of the victors must not be undermined. History and justice are always on our side."Following Vladimir Putin's speech, the grand military parade began as the military band played the Russian national anthem and gun salutes echoed across the Red Square. Marching in unison, troop formations participating in the parade passed through the square one after another.?In the "historical" part of the parade, Russian service members, dressed in uniforms from the era of the Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War, marched with high morale as they held high the military flags and firmly carried weapons of that time, evoking memories of the years of resistance against fascism.?In the "modern" part, formations of Russia's various military branches and modern weaponry units lined up in precise order and passed by the reviewing stand. The Russian Aerospace Forces' flight formations roared overhead, soaring across the skies above the Red Square, as the stirring melody of "Victory Day" echoed throughout the square.?Armed forces formations from more than 10 countries, including China, were also invited to participate in the parade.?The guard of honor of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, with dignified bearing and high morale, marched across the Red Square in firm and orderly steps.Following the celebrations, Xi?Jinping, along with other leaders, walked from the Red Square to Alexander Garden, where they laid flowers at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and observed a moment of silence.?The leaders then took a group photo.At noon?on the same day, President Xi Jinping attended a banquet hosted by President Vladimir Putin in celebration of the 80th anniversary of the?Victory in the Great Patriotic War?of the Soviet Union.Cai Qi, Wang Yi and others attended the above activities.

On the evening of May 9, 2025 local time, President Xi Jinping met with Prime Minister of Slovakia Robert Fico in Moscow on the sidelines of the celebrations marking the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union.Xi Jinping pointed out that promoting the all-round, in-depth, and high-level development of China-Slovakia relations serves the fundamental interests of both peoples and accords with the historical trend of openness, cooperation, and mutual benefit. Xi Jinping said that the important common understandings they reached during Robert Fico's visit to China last November are being actively implemented, and the China-Slovakia strategic partnership has moved into a "fast lane". Both sides should continue to deepen traditional friendship, expand exchanges and cooperation in various fields, pursue high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, and promote the steady and sustained development of China-Slovakia relations and China-Europe relations. China welcomes Slovakia's participation as the guest of honor at the 4th China-CEEC Expo, which will help boost exports of high-quality Slovak products to China. China is glad to see more Chinese enterprises invest and do business in Slovakia. China is ready to work with Slovakia and other countries to strengthen solidarity and cooperation in addressing challenges and upholding international fairness and justice. Xi Jinping expressed the hope that Slovakia will play a constructive role in promoting the sound and steady development of China-EU relations.Robert Fico said that deepening the Slovakia-China strategic partnership is among the top priorities of Slovakia's foreign policy. Slovakia will firmly adhere to the one-China policy, actively advance friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation with China, enhance trade and investment cooperation, strengthen people-to-people and cultural exchanges, and push for greater development of bilateral relations. Noting that a sound and stable EU-China relationship serves the common interests of both sides, Robert Fico said that Slovakia is committed to promoting the development of EU-China relations. Slovakia supports major initiatives proposed by China, such as building a community with a shared future for mankind, and appreciates China's positions on and constructive role in issues related to Ukraine and the Middle East. The Slovak side is willing to join hands with China to uphold multilateralism, safeguard free trade rules, and maintain the stability of global industrial and supply chains.Cai Qi, Wang Yi and others were present.

On the evening of May 9, 2025 local time, President Xi Jinping met with Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Moros in Moscow on the sidelines of the celebrations marking the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union.Xi Jinping pointed out, China and Venezuela are good partners of mutual trust and common development. The two sides have forged an ironclad friendship amid the evolving international landscape. Since the two countries elevated bilateral relations to an all-weather strategic partnership in 2023, exchanges across various fields and at all levels have been vigorous, with continuous growth in bilateral trade and new progress in investment cooperation and people-to-people exchanges. The China-Venezuela friendship has become more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. China has always viewed and developed relations with Venezuela from a strategic and long-term perspective. It will, as always, firmly support Venezuela in safeguarding state sovereignty, national dignity and social stability. China is ready to work with Venezuela to enhance the exchange of governance experiences, continue to deepen practical cooperation in various areas and take bilateral relations to new heights, so as to deliver more benefits to the two peoples. China is ready to work with Venezuela and other Latin American countries to firmly uphold the U.N.-centered international system and the international order underpinned by international law, and promote the steady and sustained progress in building a community with a shared future between China and Latin America and the Caribbean.Nicolás Maduro Moros said, China is a great friend of Venezuela, expressing his gratitude for China's longstanding and selfless support in safeguarding Venezuela's national sovereignty and advancing its economic and social development. Venezuela is looking forward to strengthening its all-weather strategic partnership with China and deepening cooperation in trade, energy, agriculture, science and technology, education and other fields for more tangible results, so as to deliver more benefits to the two peoples. Noting that President Xi Jinping's vision of building a community with a shared future for mankind has opened up bright prospects for world peace and development, Nicolás Maduro Moros said, Venezuela is ready to strengthen coordination and cooperation with China to uphold multilateralism, defend international fairness and justice, and safeguard the common interests of the international community.Cai Qi, Wang Yi and others were present.

On the afternoon of May 9, 2025 local time, President Xi Jinping met with President of Cuba Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez in Moscow on the sidelines of the celebrations marking the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union.Xi Jinping pointed out that in recent years, he has held multiple meetings with Comrade President Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez and jointly led China-Cuba relations into a new stage featuring deeper political mutual trust, closer strategic coordination and stronger public support. This year marks the 65th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Cuba. China is ready to work with Cuba to further strengthen their ironclad friendship, build a closer China-Cuba community with a shared future, and set an example of solidarity and cooperation between socialist countries and sincere interaction between developing countries. Both sides should enhance exchanges at all levels and deepen cooperation across the board, so that high-level political mutual trust will remain a defining feature of the relationships between the two parties and the two countries. China firmly supports Cuba in upholding its national sovereignty, opposing external interference and blockade, and advancing its economic and social development. As important members of the Global South, the two sides should strengthen coordination and cooperation within such frameworks as BRICS and the China-CELAC Forum, jointly oppose power politics, unilateralism and bullying, and uphold international fairness and justice.Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez said that Cuba and China are close friends and brothers. Cuba appreciates China's long-standing and strong support for Cuba's economic and social development. Cuba firmly adheres to the one-China principle and is willing to strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation with China, enhance people-to-people friendly exchanges, strengthen coordination and collaboration in international and regional affairs, and advance the building of a community with a shared future, so as to promote greater development of bilateral relations. The Cuban side supports the three major global initiatives and is willing to work with China to oppose unilateralism and protectionism and safeguard the common interests of the international community.Cai Qi, Wang Yi and others were present.

On the afternoon of May 9, 2025 local time, President Xi Jinping met with Myanmar's leader Min Aung Hlaing in Moscow on the sidelines of the celebrations marking the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union.Xi Jinping pointed out that China and Myanmar has established a community with a shared future featuring mutual assistance through thick and thin. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and the Bandung Spirit jointly advocated by China and Myanmar have stood the test of time, with their relevance becoming increasingly prominent. This year marks the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. China pursues a policy of fostering an amicable, secure and prosperous neighborhood, follows the principle of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness, and shares the same destiny with its neighbors. China will work with Myanmar to deepen the building of a community with a shared future, jointly advance high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, deliver on the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative and the Global Civilization Initiative, and bring more benefits to the people of the two countries. Not long ago, in the aftermath of the severe earthquake in Mandalay that caused significant casualties and property damage, China moved the fastest to send rescue teams and emergency humanitarian supplies and China will continue supporting Myanmar in reconstruction. China supports Myanmar in pursuing a development path suited to its national conditions, safeguarding sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national stability, and advancing its domestic political agenda in a prudent manner. Both sides should deepen strategic cooperation and continuously promote the construction of key projects in the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor. It is hoped that the Myanmar side will earnestly ensure the safety of Chinese personnel, institutions and projects in Myanmar and intensify efforts to crack down on cross-border crimes such as online gambling and telecom fraud. Both sides should jointly safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core and the international order based on international law, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries.Min Aung Hlaing said that after Myanmar was hit by the earthquake, China promptly expressed sincere condolences to the Myanmar side, was among the first to provide assistance to Myanmar and supported Myanmar in its disaster relief efforts. This demonstrated the pauk-phaw friendship and true friendship in times of hardship towards Myanmar, which the Myanmar people will always remember. Under the visionary leadership of President Xi Jinping, remarkable achievements have been made in Chinese modernization. Myanmar attaches great importance to its relations with China and is willing to always be a friendly neighbor worthy of China's trust. The Myanmar side is committed to promoting cooperation between the two countries in economic, trade, energy and other fields, and will spare no effort to ensure the safety of Chinese projects and personnel in Myanmar. The Myanmar side highly appreciates the three major global initiatives proposed by China and the vision of building a community with a shared future with neighboring countries, and is ready to join hands with China to address common challenges.Cai Qi, Wang Yi and others were present.

On the afternoon of May 9, 2025 local time, President Xi Jinping met with Serbian President Aleksandar Vu?i? in Moscow on the sidelines of the celebrations marking the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union.Noting his successful state visit to Serbia last May, Xi Jinping pointed out that over the past year, the building of a China-Serbia community with a shared future in the new era has got off to a good start with notable achievements. As profound changes unseen in a century unfold at an accelerated pace across the world amid multiple overlapping risks and challenges, China and Serbia should maintain strategic resolve, concentrate on managing their own affairs well, carry forward the ironclad friendship, deepen and expand mutually beneficial cooperation, and promote the building of a China-Serbia community with a shared future with high quality. China is ready to work with Serbia to deepen strategic communication, enhance mutual support, strengthen cooperation in trade and investment, continue supporting the construction and operation of relevant projects, give full play to their demonstrative effect, and achieve more outcomes that deliver mutual benefits and win-win results.Xi Jinping stressed that 80 years ago, the peoples of China and Serbia made important contributions to the victory on the Asian and European battlefields in the World Anti-Fascist War, respectively. China is ready to work with all countries in the world, including Serbia, to unite and cooperate to meet challenges, jointly safeguard world peace and international fairness and justice, safeguard the achievements of economic globalization, and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.Aleksandar Vu?i? said that China is Serbia's most precious friend, consistently offering selfless support and assistance to help Serbia develop its economy and improve the well-being of its people. Serbia firmly adheres to the one-China principle and always believes that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China's territory. Serbia is ready to expand economic and trade exchanges with China. It welcomes more Chinese enterprises to invest and do business in Serbia, and will provide a favorable business environment for them. Aleksandar Vu?i? expressed the hope that China will actively participate in the Specialized Expo 2027 Belgrade. Serbia commends China's steadfast support for multilateralism. China's visions and actions have bolstered the international community's courage and confidence in safeguarding common interests. Serbia stands ready to unite with China in addressing the challenges posed by unilateralism and protectionism.Cai Qi and Wang Yi, among others, were present at the meeting.

1.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation reaffirm their comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination in the new era. They firmly uphold the international system with the United Nations at its center, the international order based on international law, and the central role of the United Nations in international affairs. They reiterate the 2016 Declaration of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Promotion of International law.2.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation?believe that codification and progressive development of international law must take account of?the realities of a multipolar world, primarily within the efforts taken under the aegis of the United Nations. They support widest possible participation of States in UN treaties and uniform?interpretation and application thereof.?They also note the importance of using the potential of regional, subregional and cross-regional multilateral mechanisms, organizations and integration systems such as BRICS or the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, in elaborating norms of international law, if this is in the best interests of the respective region and participating States.3.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation reaffirm their full commitment to the United Nations Charter, the 1970 Declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations as well as the basic principles of international law enshrined therein in their entirety and interdependence, such as sovereign equality and territorial integrity, non-intervention in the internal affairs of States, refraining from the threat or use of force in international relations, equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the pacific settlement of international disputes, fulfillment of international obligations in good faith, and international cooperation. They are also guided by the principles enshrined in the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The principles of international law are the cornerstone for a multipolar world system,?just and equitable international relations featuring win-win cooperation, creating a community of shared future for mankind, and establishing a common space of equal and indivisible security and economic cooperation.4.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation share the view that the principle of sovereign equality is crucial for the stability of international relations. In line with this principle, States enjoy their rights on the basis of independence and on an equal footing, and assume their obligations and responsibilities on the basis of mutual respect.5.?States have the right to participate in the making of, interpreting and applying international law on an equal footing, and have the obligation to comply with international law in good faith and in a coherent and consistent manner. International treaties do not create either obligations or rights for third States without their consent.?Matters not regulated by international treaties, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, continue to be governed by the rules and principles of general international law.6.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation reaffirm the principle that States shall refrain from the threat or use of force in violation of the United Nations Charter and therefore condemn unilateral military interventions not based on individual or collective self-defense or Security Council resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.7.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation share the view that each country has the?right to choose its development paths and political, economic, cultural?and social system independently in accordance with its national conditions and the will of the people. No model of national development should be regarded as exceptional or superior to others.8. The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation oppose and condemn unilateral sanctions that violate international law, in particular the principles of sovereign equality of States, State immunity and non-interference in internal affairs of States, and are not authorized by the Security Council, as well as long-arm jurisdiction and division along ideological lines, and emphasize that States have the right to conduct normal economic and trade cooperation.9.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation fully support the principle of non-intervention in the internal or external affairs of States, and condemn as a violation of this principle any interference by States in the internal affairs of other States, in particular when undertaken with the aim of forging change of legitimate governments. The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation condemn extraterritorial application of national law by States not in conformity with international law as another example of violation of the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of States.10.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation reaffirm the principle of peaceful settlement of disputes and express their firm conviction that States shall resolve their disputes through dispute settlement means and mechanisms that they have agreed upon. All means of settlement of disputes should serve the goal of resolving disputes in a peaceful manner in accordance with applicable international law, thus leading to de-escalation of tensions and promotion of peaceful cooperation among disputing parties. This applies equally to all types and stages of dispute settlement, including political and diplomatic means when they serve a pre-requisite to the use of other mechanisms of dispute settlement. It is crucial for the maintenance of international legal order that all dispute settlement means and mechanisms are based on consent and used in good faith and in the spirit of cooperation, and their purposes shall not be undermined by abusive practices.11.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation share the view that good faith implementation of generally recognized principles and rules of international law excludes the practice of double standards or imposition by some States of their will on other States, and oppose actions that violate the legitimate rights and interests of other countries and undermine the peace and stability under a false pretense of “rule of law” or a “rules-based order”. The adoption of unilateral coercive measures by States in addition to measures adopted by the United Nations Security Council can defeat the objects and purposes of measures imposed by the Security Council, and undermine their integrity and effectiveness.12.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations as a global threat that undermines the international order based on international law. To counter this threat requires collective action in full accordance with international law, including the United Nations Charter.13.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation assert that international obligations regarding immunity of States, their officials and State property, including but not limited to property of the central bank or other monetary authority of State, diplomatic and consular property, cultural heritage of the State, must be honored by States at all times.?14.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation respect the rules of international law providing for the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction. They emphasize that under customary international law officials representing the State or exercising State functions enjoy immunity?ratione materiae?with respect to acts performed in an official capacity, while senior officials of States, including persons holding the offices of the Head of State, the Head of Government and the Foreign Minister, also enjoy absolute immunity ratione personae.?The purpose of immunity of State officials is not to benefit individuals but to ensure the efficient performance of their official functions as persons representing States. Violations of these rules contradict the principle of sovereign equality of States and may contribute to escalation of tensions.15.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation recall their commitment to constructive cooperation in the fields of criminal justice, law enforcement and security. National and multilateral mechanisms of criminal justice must not be abused for narrow political purposes to the detriment of international relations and the rights of States guaranteed by international law.?With this in mind, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation?undertake to safeguard the immunity of each other's officials from their criminal jurisdiction under international law. In accordance with their respective treaty obligations and internal regulations, they refrain from assisting third parties, including third States and multilateral bodies, in exercising criminal jurisdiction over each other's?nationals in violation of generally recognized norms of international law. In particular, they will take full account of the immunity of each other's officials when considering requests for extradition or legal assistance made by third parties. They may continue the dialogue on this matter and carry out concrete cooperation through diplomatic channels.16.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation call for continued efforts to strengthen the system of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation treaties?and at preserving its integrity and validity for maintaining global stability and international peace and security which is in the strongest interest of humankind. They emphasize the need to maintain the effectiveness and efficiency as well as the consensus-based nature of the relevant multilateral instruments in the field of disarmament, WMD non-proliferation and arms control.17.?The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation recall the Chinese-Russian proposal?of the?draft Treaty on?Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space?and of?the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects and confirm the need to launch urgently on its basis of the negotiations on development of a multilateral legally binding instrument that would provide fundamental and solid guarantees for?the prevention of an arms race in outer space, placement of weapons in outer space, the threat or use of force against outer space objects. They also reaffirm the need to comply with and strengthen the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BTWC), including by its institutionalization and adopting a legally binding protocol to the BTWC providing for, inter alia, an efficient verification mechanism.18. The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation emphasize the important role of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in maintaining the rule of law relating to activities in the Oceans. It is of utmost importance that provisions of this universal treaty are applied consistently, in such a manner that does not impair rights and legitimate interests of States Parties and does not compromise the integrity of the legal regime established by the Convention.19. The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation reaffirm that international cooperation to address climate change and other global challenges should continue upholding true multilateralism. They consider that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement serve as the basis of climate change cooperation, and call on the Parties to stay committed to their purposes and principles, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.20. The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation emphasize their joint commitment to plastic pollution prevention and control, support the conclusion of an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment, and agree that the content of the instrument shall respect the country-driven approach and be?in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and respective obligations under international environmental treaties.21. The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation reaffirm that international law, in particular the Charter of the United Nations, is applicable and essential to maintaining peace and stability and promoting an open, secure, stable, accessible,?peaceful and interoperable?Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) environment. They welcome the adoption of the first ever universal instrument of international law in the field of preventing and combating ICT crime,?the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime; Strengthening International Cooperation for Combating Certain Crimes Committed by Means of Information and Communications Technology Systems and for the Sharing of Evidence in Electronic Form of Serious Crimes. They support an early entry into force of the Convention to enhance international cooperation in preventing and combating ICT crime and a timely elaboration of an additional protocol to the Convention addressing, inter alia, additional criminal offences.?They also recognize that further development of international law in this sphere is required.22. The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation oppose using ICTs, in particular?artificial intelligence technologies, for the purposes of manipulating public opinion, spreading disinformation, intervening in other countries' internal affairs, social systems and social order, as well as jeopardizing the sovereignty of other States. They emphasize that artificial intelligence systems throughout their life cycle should be human-centric, reliable, explainable, ethical, inclusive, and based on applicable international law, in particular the Charter of the United Nations.23.?In line with their relationship of the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination in the new era, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation are resolved to further enhance their cooperation, including the promotion of equal and universal good faith interpretation and implementation of international law, to ensure the broadest possible support for the principles and rules of international law as expressed in this Declaration. They invite all States and international organizations to uphold these principles and rules and to cooperate in promoting?a just and equitable international relations based on international law, equal and indivisible security and respect for security interests of all States?thus contributing to?the building of a community of shared future for mankind.24.?Having in mind the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Second World War that helped to shape the very structure of relations between nations in the modern age including the founding of the United Nations, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation agree to jointly safeguard the?international system with the United Nations at its core,?the international order underpinned by international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter,?as well as international fairness and justice.Done at Moscow, on 8 May, 2025.

On May 9, 2025, President Xi Jinping exchanged congratulatory messages with King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.Xi Jinping noted that Sweden was one of the first European countries to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. Over the past 75 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations, China-Sweden relations have remained generally stable, with continued expansion and positive outcomes in bilateral cooperation in economy and trade, science and technology, education, and people-to-people and cultural exchanges. President Xi Jinping said that he attaches great importance to the development of China-Sweden relations and is ready to work with King Carl XVI Gustaf to take the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations as a new starting point to guide the two countries to enhance political mutual trust, deepen practical cooperation, strengthen personnel exchanges, jointly uphold multilateralism and free trade, bring more benefit to the two peoples and make greater contributions to world peace and prosperity.King Carl XVI Gustaf said that on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Sweden and China, he expressed sincere wishes for the continuous deepening of Sweden-China close cooperation, saying that he looks forward to the continued development of the friendly relations between the two countries.

In the context of the 80th?anniversary of the Victory in the Second World War and of the founding of the United Nations, the People's Republic of China?and?the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the two?Sides) emphasize the utmost importance of maintaining and strengthening global strategic stability. Taking into account of the serious challenges facing the?international?community in the sphere of international and regional security, adhering to the strong consensus reached by the Heads of the two States, and acting in the spirit of previous joint documents on this?subject and the principled approaches set out therein, the two Sides state the following.The two Sides are convinced that the destinies of the peoples of all countries are interrelated; States and their associations should not seek to?ensure their own security at the expense and to the detriment of the security of other States. The two Sides call upon all States to adhere to the principle of equal and indivisible security on global and regional levels, make maximum efforts to eliminate conflicts in relations between States, build comprehensive, integrated?and sustainable security throughout the world on a collective basis.The two Sides emphasize the importance of maintaining constructive relations between major powers,?including in addressing global strategic issues. Nuclear-weapon States, which bear special responsibility for international security and global strategic stability, should reject Cold War mentality and zero-sum games, resolve contradictions?via dialogue on an equal footing and mutually respectful consultations, build confidence to avoid dangerous miscalculations and refrain from actions that generate strategic risks.The two Sides state with regret that not all of the five nuclear-weapon States follow such approaches in practice. The two Sides note with concern that against the backdrop of aggravation in the relations between nuclear-weapon States,?which in some cases has escalated to the threat of a direct military clash, a critical mass of problems and challenges has accumulated in the strategic sphere, and the risk of nuclear conflict has increased.One of the most pressing strategic risks to be urgently addressed remains the highly destabilizing expansion of existing and newly formed military alliances and coalitions that is being carried out by some nuclear-weapon States?close to the frontiers of other nuclear-weapon States in an attempt to establish or expand permanent footholds in such areas, which are particularly sensitive to them, for the purposes of projecting military power, exerting forceful pressure and committing other hostile activities that threaten the core security interests of those States. ??It?is also of serious concern that such activities are accompanied by the forward deployment of military infrastructure and advanced offensive, defensive and versatile weapon systems that can be employed to accomplish strategic missions?--?in particular, to perform decapitating and disarming strikes, while providing enhanced capabilities for missile interception.In this context, of particular concern are the plans and practical steps by individual nuclear-weapon States?to deploy outside their national territories ground-launched intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles with short flight time to a wide range of targets in the territories of other nuclear-weapon States. At the same time, accelerated development, procurement and emplacement of long-range missile systems of this and other similar classes are carried out within the relevant military alliances and coalitions not only by nuclear-weapon States, but also by their non-nuclear allies in?the framework of concepts involving the acquisition of counterforce systems for "deep precision strikes", "kill chains", "counterstrike capabilities", and etc. The two Sides strongly condemn such provocative activities that undermine regional stability and global security.Deeply destabilizing in nature is also the recently announced "Golden (Iron) Dome for America", a large-scale program designed to establish unconstrained, global, deeply layered and multi-domain missile defense system to protect against any missile threats, including all types of missiles from "peer and near-peer adversaries". First of all, this means a complete and ultimate rejection to recognize the existence of the inseparable interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms, which is one of the central and fundamental principles of maintaining global strategic stability. The project also provides additional impetus to the further development of kinetic and non-kinetic means providing for the left-of-launch defeat of missile weapons and the infrastructure that supports their employment.The situation is further aggravated by the fact that the "Golden (Iron) Dome for America" program also directly envisages significant strengthening of the arsenal of means to conduct combat operations in space, including the development and orbital deployment of interception systems, turning outer space into an environment for placing weapons and an arena for armed confrontation.The two Sides oppose the attempts of individual countries to use outer space for armed confrontation and will counter security policies and activities aimed at achieving military superiority, as well as at officially defining and using outer space as a "warfighting?domain". The two Sides confirm the need to start negotiations on a legally binding instrument based on the Chinese-Russian?draft of the Treaty?on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects as soon as possible, that would provide fundamental and reliable guarantees for preventing an arms race in outer space, weaponization of outer space and the threat or use of force against outer space objects or with their help. In order to safeguard world peace, ensure equal and indivisible security for?all, and improve the predictability and?sustainability?of the exploration and peaceful use of outer space by all States, the two Sides agree to promote on a global scale the international initiative/political commitment not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space.The two Sides condemn the use of commercial space systems to interfere in the internal affairs of sovereign States and armed conflicts involving third countries.Among the provocative?actions undertaken by some nuclear-weapon States?and posing a threat to the security of?other nuclear-weapon States the one that stands out is the further development of schemes and means of so-called "nuclear sharing"?and "extended nuclear deterrence"?within the framework of relevant military alliances and coalitions, which provide for the employment of forward-deployed and (or) other nuclear weapons in the course of joint "integrated"?operations with formally non-nuclear allies, involving the use of bases in their territories, dual-capable platforms transferred to them and (or) their own conventional forces and means, including increasingly advanced missile and anti-missile weapons. This has high potential to provoke a regional and global arms race and further escalate tensions.The two Sides particularly note that the above mentioned offensive capabilities are openly designated by their possessors or, according to their features, can be employed for the purposes of delivering by means of high-precision conventional weapons or a combination of nuclear and non-nuclear weapon systems a supposedly "preventive"?or "preemptive"?strike, but in fact a first strike, in calculation to repel a radically weakened retaliatory strike with air and missile defense assets, thus making use of strategic advantage in offense and defense. At the same time, the integration of counterforce and missile defense components of this adventurous strategy is explicitly envisaged at the doctrinal level and implies, in particular, ensuring multi-factor support for "missile defense and defeat".The comprehensive implementation by individual nuclear-weapon States, with the support of their allies, of the specified conceptual and military-technical approaches, obviously aimed at weakening the reliability and effectiveness of the strategic deterrence capabilities of other nuclear-weapon States, indicates aspiration to ensure an overwhelming military superiority, "strategic invulnerability"?and ultimately "absolute strategic security". This fundamentally contradicts the logic underlying the maintenance of strategic balance and runs counter to the principle of equal and indivisible security. As a consequence, there is a combined threat of directly undermining global strategic stability, spurring an arms race and increasing conflict potential both among nuclear-weapon States?and in the international arena as a whole. Moreover, such a course of action calls into question the effectiveness of efforts to maintain predictability in the nuclear and missile sphere, as well as creates hardly surmountable obstacles to the constructive consideration of nuclear arms control and nuclear disarmament initiatives.The two Sides consistently oppose such a policy in the strategic sphere that is destructive for international security. The two Sides reaffirm their commitment to "The Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapons States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Race"?of January 3, 2022 and to the principle enshrined therein that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. The two Sides call on all participating?States of the above-mentioned Statement?to fully adhere to its provisions in practice. This implies an unwavering focus on avoiding any military confrontation between nuclear-weapon States?and seeking politico-diplomatic solutions to existing disagreements on the basis of mutual respect and acknowledgement of each other's security interests and concerns.The two Sides stress that the priority tasks of preventing armed clashes between nuclear-weapon States, as well as reliable and long-term reduction of the conflict potential accumulated in their relations, should be addressed through comprehensive work on an equal footing with an emphasis on eliminating the root causes of fundamental contradictions and taking into account all the main factors affecting global strategic stability. The two Sides are convinced that preventive steps to avert crises and conflicts should have priority over attempts to "manage"?confrontation and its escalation, while joint efforts of nuclear-weapon States?to reduce strategic risks cannot be sustainable and truly effective unless encroachments by some participants of such efforts upon core interests of other participants are excluded.The two Sides confirm that arms control is an important means for strengthening international security and stability, while actions that undermine them simultaneously undercut arms control efforts. The two Sides will endeavor?to?practice true?multilateralism and support the central role of the UN and its multilateral disarmament mechanism in the arms control process. At the same time, the two Sides consider arms control as one of the elements of the comprehensive work to reduce potential for conflicts in the world and ensure global strategic stability.The two Sides believe that the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons(NPT) is the cornerstone of the international nuclear nonproliferation regime, essential to the global security architecture. The two Sides attach great importance?to guaranteeing the integrity, effectiveness and universality of the NPT, will continue to actively cooperate in the framework of its review process, and contribute to the success of the upcoming 2026 NPT Review Conference, while jointly preventing the use of the Treaty for political?purposes that have nothing to do with its provisions.The two Sides state that the efforts undertaken by the AUKUS (US-UK-Australia) partnership to establish military infrastructure of two nuclear-weapon States in support of the activities of their nuclear forces in the territory of a State Party to the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty undermine strategic stability and provoke an arms race in the region.The two Sides also note the need for further cooperation on the issues of military application of artificial intelligence technologies both in bilateral format and at specialized multilateral venues, primarily in the framework of the Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.In the context of?commemorating?the 50th?anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and their Destruction (BTWC) by the international community, the two Sides reiterate their commitment that the Biological Weapons Convention should be fully complied with and urge the States?Parties to consistently strengthen it, in particular by institutionalizing and adopting a legally binding protocol with an effective verification mechanism. The two Sides express concern about the military biological activities of the United States of America and its allies and demand that they cease such activities that threaten the security of other States and relevant regions, both in their national territories?and beyond their borders.The two Sides confirm their commitment to building a world free of chemical weapons and call upon States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC) to adopt all necessary measures to that end, as well as to restore the authority of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and contribute to putting?the OPCW 's activities back to a depoliticized technical basis. The?two Sides note the relevance of multilateral efforts to prevent chemical terrorism and advocate for the adoption at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva of an international convention on the suppression of acts of chemical and biological terrorism. The two Sides?urge?Japan to faithfully?fulfill its obligations in order to?fully and?completely eliminate as soon as possible the chemical weapons abandoned on the territory of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese Side supports the Russian Side in the elections to the OPCW Executive Council.The two Sides reaffirm adherence to the export control obligations under the NPT, BTWC, CWC, and stand opposed to the self-serving use by some countries of relevant mechanisms to technologically and economically contain other States and to apply?illegitimate policy of unilateral restrictive measures. The?two?Sides are committed?to the implementation of the UN General Assembly resolution "Promoting international cooperation on peaceful uses in the context of international security".The two Sides are confident that making progress in these directions would significantly improve the situation in the sphere of international security and would also strongly stimulate the creation of a climate favorable for the further advancement on the arms control and disarmament tracks, which is to be ensured on the basis of maintaining global strategic stability and adhering to the principle of undiminished security for all.The two Sides intend to continue in the most active manner to enhance?the coordination of their approaches and to deepen the practical cooperation on maintaining and strengthening global strategic stability, as well as to jointly address common?challenges and threats in this sphere.Moscow, 8 May 2025

On the afternoon of May 8, 2025 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin had a tea chat with Chinese President Xi Jinping at the president's office of the Kremlin.Xi Jinping noted that the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. As long as China and Russia maintain strategic resolve and uphold strategic coordination, no force can stop the two countries from achieving national development and revitalization;?no force can shake the will of the two peoples to pursue everlasting?friendship;?and no force can hold back the prevailing trends of world multipolarity and economic globalization. Xi Jinping said that he is willing?to maintain close communication with President Vladimir Putin to steer the direction of China-Russia relations and contribute?positively?to global governance.Vladimir Putin?said Russia and China have always stood together through thick and thin?and rendered mutual support, and the friendship between the two countries is unbreakable. He expressed readiness to maintain close strategic communication with President Xi?Jinping, provide strategic guidance for the development of bilateral relations, jointly address the challenges posed by the?complex international landscape, deepen comprehensive strategic coordination, safeguard the common interests of both countries, and promote the development of a fair, democratic and multipolar world.The two heads of state had an exchange?of?views on the Ukraine crisis and other issues. Xi Jinping noted?that with regard to the Ukraine crisis, China advocates and upholds?a?vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable?global security. The legitimate security concerns of all countries should be taken seriously and the root causes of the crisis must be addressed. China welcomes all efforts conducive to peace and looks forward to?reaching?a fair and durable peace deal that is binding and accepted by all?parties concerned through dialogue.Vladimir Putin highly appreciated China's objective and impartial position on the political settlement of the Ukraine crisis, stating that Russia is willing to engage in peace talks without preconditions and hopes to?reach a just and durable?peace?deal.